Editing Genre

{{Citation style|date=February 2008}}<br />{{original research|date=December 2009}}<br />A '''genre''' ({{pronEng|ˈʒɑːnrə}}, also {{IPA|/ˈdʒɑːnrə/}}; from [[French language|French]], ''[[wikt:genre|genre]]'' {{IPA|/ʒɑ̃ʀ/}}, "kind" or "sort", from [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''[[wikt:genus|genus]]'' (stem ''gener-''), [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''genos'', ''[[wikt:γένος|γένος]]'') is a loose set of criteria for a category of composition; the term is often used&nbsp; to categorize literature and speech, but is also used for any other [[Art#Art forms|form of art]] or [[utterance]]. Genres are vague categories with no fixed boundaries, they are formed by sets of conventions, and many works cross into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. The scope of the word "genre" is sometimes confined to [[art]] and [[culture]], particularly [[Literary genre|literature]] and music, but it has a long history in rhetoric as well. In [[genre studies]] the concept of genre is not compared to originality. Rather, all works are recognized as either reflecting on or participating in the conventions of genre.<br /><br />==Subgenre and hybrid forms==<br />Genres are often divided into subgenres. [[Literature]], for example, is divided into three basic kinds of literature, which are the classic genres of Ancient Greece: [[poetry]], [[drama]], and [[prose]]. Poetry may then be subdivided into [[epic poetry|epic]], [[lyric poetry|lyric]], and [[drama]] it is also the theme or idea of a story.<br /><br />==Genre and audiences==<br />Although genres are not precisely definable, genre considerations are one of the most important factors in determining what a person will see or read. Many genres have built-in audiences and corresponding publications that support them, such as [[magazine]]s and websites. Books and movies that are difficult to categorize into a genre are likely to be less successful commercially.<br /><br />The term may be used in categorising [[web page]]s, like "newspage" and "fanpage", with both very different layout, audience, and intention. Some search engines like [[Vivísimo]] try to group found web pages into automated categories in an attempt to show various genres the search hits might fit.<br /><br />==Genre in visual art==<br />The term genre is much used in the history and criticism of visual art, but in [[art history]] has meanings that overlap rather confusingly. [[Genre painting]] is a term for paintings where the main subject features human figures to whom no specific identity attatches - in other words the figures are not portraits, characters from a story, or allegorical personifications.&nbsp; Many genre paintings are scenes from common life.&nbsp; These are distinguished from [[staffage]]: incidental figures in what is primarily a [[landscape art|landscape]] or architectural painting.&nbsp; "Genre painting" may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as [[still-life]], landscapes, [[marine painting]]s and animal paintings.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br />&nbsp; <br />The concept of the "[[hierarchy of genres]]" was a powerful one in artistic theory, especially between the 17th and 19th centuries.&nbsp; It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the [[Académie française]] which held a central role in [[academic art]]. The genres in hierarchical order are:<br />* [[History painting]]<br />* [[Genre painting]]<br />* [[Portrait painting]]<br />* [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]]<br />* [[Still life|Still life painting]]<br /><br />==Genre in linguistics==<br />In [[philosophy of language]], figuring very prominently in the works of philosopher and literary scholar [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]. Bakhtin's basic observations were of "speech genres" (the idea of [[heteroglossia]]), modes of speaking or writing that people learn to mimic, weave together, and manipulate (such as "formal letter" and "grocery list", or "university lecture" and "personal anecdote"). In this sense genres are socially specified: recognized and defined (often informally) by a particular culture or community. The work of [[Georg Lukács]] also touches on the nature of [[literary genre]]s, appearing separately but around the same time (1920s–1930s) as Bakhtin. [[Norman Fairclough]] has a similar concept of genre that emphasises the social context of the text: Genres are "different ways of (inter)acting discoursally" (Fairclough, 2003: 26) &nbsp;<br /><br />However, this is just one way of conceiving genre. [[Charaudeau]] & [[Maingueneau]] determine four different analytic conceptualisations of genre. &lt;br&gt; <br />A text's genre may be determined by its: <br /># Linguistic function.<br /># Formal traits.<br /># Textual organisation.<br /># Relation of communicative situation to formal and organisational traits of the text (Charaudeau & Maingueneau 2002: 278-80).<br /><br />==List of genres==<br />{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}<br />{{Main|Literary genre}}<br />*[[Historical]]: A story about a real person or event. Often, they are written in a [[text book]] format, which may or may not focus on solely that person or event.<br />**[[Biography]]: The details of the life story of a real person, told by someone else.<br />***[[Autobiography]]: Essentially the same as a [[biography]], with the exception that the story is written by the person who is the subject of the story.<br />***[[Memoir]]: Similar to [[autobiography]], with the exception that it is told more "from memory", i.e. it is how the person personally remembers and feels about their life or a stage in their life, more than the exact, recorded details of that period. Though memoirs are often more [[subjective]] than&nbsp; [[autobiography]] works, memoirs are generally still considered to be [[nonfiction]] works. There are also some [[fiction]] works that purport to be the "memoirs" of [[fictional character]]s as well, done in a similar style, however, these are in a separate genre from their nonfiction counterparts.<br />**[[Historical fiction]]: A story that takes place in the real world, with real world people, but with several fictionalized or dramatized elements. This may or may not [[Fictional crossover|crossover]] with other genres; for example, [[fantasy fiction]] or [[science fiction]] may play a part, as is the case for instance with the novel ''[[George Washington's Socks]]'', which includes [[time travel]] elements.<br />***[[Alternate history]]: A more extreme variant of [[historical fiction]] which posits a "what if" scenario in which some historical event occurs differently (or not at all), thus altering the course of [[history]]; for instance, "What if Nazi Germany had won World War II?" is an alternate history concept that has had treatment in fiction. Alternate History is sometimes (though not universally) referred to as a subgenre of [[science fiction]] or [[speculative fiction]], and like [[historical fiction]], may include more fantastical elements (for instance, the [[Temeraire (series)|''Temeraire'' series]] uses the fantasy element of [[dragon]]s to create an Alternate History plot set during the [[Napoleonic Era]]).<br />***[[Period piece]]: This type features historical places, people, or events that may or not be crucial to the story. Because history is merely used as a backdrop, it may be fictionalized to various degrees, but the story itself may be regarded as "outside" history. Genres within this category are often regarded as significant categories in themselves.<br />***[[Costume drama]]: A type of drama that especially relies on lavish costumes and designs. This type crosses over with many other genres.<br />***[[Jidaigeki]]: A story usually set in the Edo period of [[Japan]]ese history, from 1603 to 1868.<br />*[[Adventure]]: A story about a [[protagonist]] who journeys to epic or distant places to accomplish something. It can have many other genre elements included within it, because it is a very open genre.<br />*[[Action (genre)|Action]]: A story, similar to Adventure, but the [[protagonist]] usually takes a risky turn, which leads to desperate situations (including [[explosion]]s, [[stage combat|fight scenes]], daring escapes, etc.). Action and Adventure are usually categorized together (sometimes even as "action-adventure") because they have much in common, and many stories fall under both genres simultaneously (for instance, the [[James Bond]] series can be classified as both).<br />**[[Military]]: A story about a war or battle that can either be historical or fictional. It usually follows the events a certain warrior goes through during the battle's events.<br />**[[Spy fiction]]: A story about a secret agent (spy) or military personnel member who is sent on a secret [[espionage]] mission. Usually, they are equipped with special gadgets that prove useful during the mission, and they have special training in things such as [[unarmed combat]] or [[computer hacking]]. They may or may not work for a specific [[government]]. &nbsp;<br />**[[Western (genre)|Western]]: A story talking place in the [[American Old West]]. Westerns commonly feature [[gunfighters]] and/or [[cowboys]]. <br />*[[Science fiction]]: A story about technology or the future. It generally includes or is centered on the presumed effects or ramifications of [[computer]]s or [[machine]]s, travel through [[Intergalactic travel|space]], [[time travel|time]] or [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate universes]], [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|alien]] life-forms, [[genetic engineering]], or other such things. The science or technology used may or may not be very thoroughly elaborated on; stories whose scientific elements are reasonably detailed, well-researched and considered to be relatively plausible given current knowledge and technology are often referred to as [[hard science fiction]]. Owing to the wide breadth of the genre, it very commonly has elements from other genres, such as [[Action (genre)|action]], [[Science fiction comedy|comedy]], [[alternate history]], military or spy fiction, and [[fantasy]] mixed in, with such combinations often forming new major subgenres in their own right (see below). <br />**[[Military science fiction]]: Science fiction told from the point of view of the military, or a main character who is a soldier in the military. It usually has technology far superior to today's, but not necessarily implausible. Military science fiction essentially is the addition of science fiction elements into a [[war novel|military fiction]] story. &nbsp;<br />**[[Space opera]]: A story characterized by the extent of [[Intergalactic travel|space travel]] and distinguished by the amount of time that protagonists spend in an active, spacefaring lifestyle. ''[[Star Trek]]'', ''[[Star Blazers]]'' and ''[[Star Wars]]'' have often been categorized as such.<br />**[[Punk ideologies|Punk]]: An umbrella term, and suffix, for several Science Fiction subgenres, normally categorized by distinct technologies and sciences. The themes tend to be [[cynical]] or [[dystopian]], and a person, or group of people, fighting the [[Political corruption|corruption]] of the government.<br />***[[Cyberpunk]]: A futuristic storyline dealing with people who have been physically or mentally enhanced with [[cybernetic]] components, often featuring [[cyborg]]s or [[Technological singularity|the singularity]] as a major theme, and generally somewhat [[cynicism|cynical]] or [[dystopian]] (hence the "punk" portion of the name). This is often confused or placed with [[Techno-thriller]], which is actually a separate and less specialized genre.<br />****[[Postcyberpunk]]: a subgenre of science fiction which some critics suggest has evolved from [[cyberpunk]]. Like its predecessor, [[postcyberpunk]] focuses on technological developments in near-future societies, typically examining the social effects of a ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information, [[genetic engineering]], modification of the human body, and the continued impact of perpetual technological change. Unlike "pure" [[cyberpunk]], however, the works in this category feature characters who act to improve social conditions or at least protect the [[status quo]] from further decay.<br />****[[Dieselpunk]]: Initially proposed as a genre by the creators of the role-playing game ''[[Children of the Sun (role-playing game)|Children of the Sun]], [''12] [[dieselpunk]] refers to fiction inspired by mid-century pulp stories and set in a world similar to steampunk though specifically characterized by the rise of petroleum power and technocratic perception, incorporating neo-noir elements and sharing themes more clearly with [[cyberpunk]] than [[steampunk]]. Though the notability of [[dieselpunk]] as a genre is not entirely uncontested, installments ranging from the retro-futuristic film ''[[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow]]'' to the 2001 Activision video game ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein]]'' have been suggested as quintessential [[dieselpunk]] works of fiction.<br />***[[Steampunk]]: A story that takes place around the time [[steam power]] was first coming into use. The [[industrial revolution]] is a common time frame which [[steam punk]] stories take place in, and the steam technology is often actually more advanced than the real technology of time (for instance, ''[[Steam Detectives]]'' features steam-powered robots). &nbsp;<br />****[[Clockpunk]]: It has been occasionally used to refer to a subgenre of speculative fiction which is similar to [[steampunk]], but deviates in its technology. As with [[steampunk]], it portrays advanced technology based on pre-modern designs, but rather than the steam power of the [[Industrial Revolution|Industrial Age]], the technology used is based on springs, clockwork and similar. [[Clockpunk]] is based very intensively on the works of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and as such, it is typically set during the [[Renaissance]]. It is regarded as being a type of [[Steampunk]].<br />***[[Biopunk]]: A story that is about genetics and biological research (often falling under the horror category). It focuses on some harmful effects characters have created when they change an animal's code to (unintentionally) create a violent monster. <br />*[[Fantasy]]: A story about [[Magic (fantasy)|magic]] and [[supernatural]] forces, rather than technology, though it often is made to include elements of other genres, such as [[science fiction]] elements, for instance computers or [[DNA]], if it happens to take place in a modern or future era. Depending on the extent of these other elements, the story may or may not be considered to be a "hybrid genre" series; for instance, even though the [[Harry Potter]] series [[canon (fiction)|canon]] includes the requirement of a particular [[gene]] to be a wizard, it is referred to only as a fantasy series. <br />**[[Science fantasy]]: A story with mystical elements that are scientifically explainable, or which combines science fiction elements with fantasy elements. It should be noted that [[science fiction]] was once actually referred to under this name, but that it is no longer used to denote that genre, and has somewhat fallen out of favor as a genre descriptor.<br />**[[Sword and sorcery]]: A blend of heroic fantasy, adventure, and frequent elements of the horrific in which a mighty barbaric warrior hero is pitted against both human and supernatural adversaries. Robert E. Howard, creator of Conan the Cimmerian, Kull of Atlantis, the Pictish king Bran Mak Morn, etc. is generally acknowledged as the founder of the genre, chiefly through his writings for [[Weird Tales]] and other 1920s and 30s pulp magazines.<br />**[[Wuxia]]: A distinct quasi-fantasy sub-genre of the martial arts genre.<br />*[[Romance (genre)|Romance]]: Traditionally, a story involving chivalry and adventure. In modern writing, a story about character's relationships, or engagements (a story about character development, rather than adventures).<br />*[[Crime fiction]]: A story about a crime that is being committed or was committed. It can also be an account of a criminal's life. It often falls into the Action or Adventure genres.<br />**[[Mystery (fiction)|Mystery]]: A story about a detective or person who has to solve a crime that was committed. They must figure out who committed the crime and why. Sometimes, the detective must figure out 'how' the criminal committed the crime if it seems impossible.<br />***[[Crime fiction|Murder mystery]]: A mystery story which focuses on one type of criminal case: [[homicide]]. Usually, there are one or more murder victims, and the detective must figure out who killed them, the same way he or she solves other crimes. They may or may not find themselves or loved ones in danger because of this investigation; the genre often includes elements of the [[suspense|suspense story]] genre, or of the [[Action (fiction)|action]] and [[adventure]] genres.<br />*[[Comedy]]: A story that tells about a series of funny or comical events, intended to make the audience laugh. It a is very open genre, and thus crosses over with many other genres on a frequent basis.<br />**[[Comedy of manners]]: A film [[satire|satirizes]] the manners and affectations of a [[social class]], often represented by [[stock character]]s. The plot of the comedy is often concerned with an illicit love affair or some other [[scandal]], but is generally less important than its [[witty]] [[dialogue]]. This form of comedy has a long ancestry, dating back at least as far as [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Much Ado about Nothing]]''.<br />**[[Parody]]: A story that mocks or [[satire|satirizes]] other genres, people, [[fictional character]]s or works. Such works employ [[sarcasm]], [[stereotype|stereotyping]], mockery of scenes, symbols or lines from other works, and the obviousness of meaning in a character's actions. Such stories may be "affectionate parodies" which merely mean to entertain those familiar with the source of the parody... or they may well be intended to undercut the respectability of the original inspiration for the parody by pointing out its [[wiktionary:flaw|flaws]] (the latter being closer to [[satire]]). <br />**[[Black comedy]]: A parody or satirical story that is based around normally tragic or [[taboo]] subjects, including [[death]], [[murder]], [[suicide]], [[illicit drug]]s and [[war]]. So-called "Dead Baby Comedy" sometimes falls under this genre.<br />**[[Romantic comedy]]: A subgenre which combines the romance genre with comedy, focusing on two or more individuals as they discover and attempt to deal with their [[romantic love|romantic attractions]] to each other. The [[stereotypical]] plot line follows the "boy-gets-girl", "boy-loses-girl", "boy gets girl back again" sequence. Naturally, there are innumerable variants to this plot (as well as new twists, such as reversing the [[gender role]]s in the story), and much of the generally lighthearted comedy lies in the social interactions and [[sexual tension]] between the characters, who very often either refuse to admit they are attracted to one another, or must deal with others' meddling in their affairs.<br />**[[Comic science fiction]]: A comedy that uses [[science fiction]] elements or settings, often as a lighthearted (or occasionally vicious) parody of the latter genre. &nbsp;<br />*[[Documentary film|Documentary]]: A story that re-tells events rather than create them. Usually, it is about true historic events. <br />**[[Mockumentary]]: A story that employs the style of the documentary to present fictional, and generally humorous, events or characters. Very common in film and television, both as a full film or series, or as a brief sequence or episode within a larger work. Examples include ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]'', ''[[Best in Show (film)|Best In Show]]'' and ''[[The Office]]''.<br />*[[Horror fiction|Horror]]: A story that is told to deliberately scare or frighten the audience, through suspense, violence or shock. [[H. P. Lovecraft]] distinguishes two primary varieties in the "Introduction" to ''Supernatural Horror in Literature'': 1) Physical Fear or the "mundanely gruesome" and 2) the true Supernatural Horror story or the "Weird Tale." The supernatural variety is occasionally termed "Dark Fantasy," since the laws of nature must be violated in some way, thus qualifying the story as "fantastic."<br />**[[Ghost story]]: A story about the intrusion of the spirits of the dead into the realm of the living. There are sub-genres: The Traditional Haunting, Poltergeists, The Haunted Place or Object (i.e. the hotel in Stephen King's ''[[The Shining]]''), or the etching in M. R. James' [http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/mezztint.htm "The Mezzotint"], etc. Some would include stories of Revenants such as W. W. Jacobs' [http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/mnkyspaw.htm "The Monkey's Paw."]<br />**[[Monster]]: A story about a monster, creature or mutant that terrorizes people. Usually, it fits into the horror genre, for instance, [[Mary Shelley]]'s novel ''[[Frankenstein]]''. Although Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]'' is often also considered the first [[science fiction]] story (biological science reanimating the dead), it does present a monstrous "creature."&nbsp; Other clear Monster stories are of the creatures of folklore and fable: the Vampire, the Werewolf, the Zombie, etc.&nbsp; Beings such as that depicted in Karloff's ''[[The Mummy]]'' would also qualify.<br />**[[Monster|Giant monster]]: A story about a giant monster, similar to the monster genre. However, giant monster stories are generally about a monster big enough to destroy buildings. Some such stories are about two giant monsters fighting each other, a genre known as ''[[kaiju]]'' in [[Japan]], which is famous for such works after the success of such films and franchises as ''[[Godzilla]]''.<br />**[[Ghost story|Occult stories]]: Stories that touch upon the adversaries of Good, especially the "Enemies" of the forces of righteousness as expressed in any given religious philosophy.&nbsp; Hence, stories of devils, demons, demonic possession, dark witchcraft, evil sorcerers or warlocks, and figures like the Antichrist would qualify. The nature of such stories presupposes the existence of the side of Good and the existence of a deity to be opposed to the forces of Evil.<br />**[[Slasher film|Slasher]]: A story (generally in [[film]]) that usually has an [[Antagonist (literature)|antagonist]], who is a [[serial killer]] or simply [[psychosis|insane]]. The "slasher" stereotypically kills his victims in the movie by slowly creeping up to them, and then quickly killing them with a sharp object, such as a [[Chef's knife]]. The genre lead to the creation of the [[Final girl]] theory.<br />**[[Survival horror]]: A horror story about a protagonist who is put in a risky and life threatening situation that he or she must endure, often as a result of things such as [[zombie]]s or other monsters, and the rest of the plot is how the hero or heroes overcome this.<br />*[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]: A story that is usually a mix of fear and excitement. It has traits from the [[suspense]] genre and often from the [[Action (fiction)|action]], [[adventure]] or [[mystery]] genres, but the level of terror makes it borderline [[horror fiction]] at times as well. It generally has a dark or serious theme, which also makes it similar to drama.<br />**[[Disaster]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]: A thriller story about mass peril, where the protagonist's job is to both survive, and to save many other people from a grim fate, often a [[natural disaster]] such as a storm or volcanic eruption, but which may also be a [[terrorist]] attack or [[epidemic]] of some sort.<br />**[[Psychological thriller]]: A thriller that emphasizes the psychological condition of the hero that presents obstacles to his objective, rather than the action. Some psychological thrillers are also about complicated stories that try to deliberately confuse the audience, often by showing them only the same confusing or seemingly nonsensical information that the hero gains.<br />**[[crime|Crime thriller]]: A thriller story that revolves around the life of detectives, mobs, or other groups associated with criminal events in the story.<br />**[[Techno-thriller]]: A thriller story whose theme is usually technology, or the danger behind the technology people use, including the threat of [[cyber terrorism]].<br /><br />===Film genres===<br />{{See also|Film genre}}<br />*[[Animation]]: A genre descriptor that refers to the medium; animation is the use of computer renderings or drawings (or occasionally photos of representational objects, known as [[stop-motion animation]] or [[claymation]]) shown in a sequence in order to depict an action or event rather than using the filming of live [[actor]]s. <br />**[[Traditional Animation]]: Also known as "cel animation", this is one of the oldest animation subgenres. Basically, it is a way of animating a [[cartoon]] by drawing and painting pictures by hand. Each drawing or painting is a different frame of animation, and when they are flipped or put in sequence at the right speed, they give the illusion of movement. Examples are [[Beauty and the Beast]] or [[Spirited Away]]. <br />**[[Stop motion]]: A genre similar to Traditional Animation, however, instead of using hand drawn pictures, stop motion films are made with small figurines or other objects that have their picture taken many times in order to provide the animation frames. Examples are [[The Nightmare Before Christmas], [[Coraline]], or [[The Corpse Bride]].<br />**[[Computer generated imagery|Computer Generated imagery]] (CGI): A genre of animation that includes animating a cartoon on a computer modeling program. Models of characters or props are created on the computer, and then programmed to do something specific. Then, when the animation is completely programed, the computer can play a completely computer generated movie. CGI is often used for the visual effects in Live Action films as well. Examples are [[Up (2009 film)|Up]] or [[Toy Story]]<br />**[[Puppetry]]: Although it is technically live action, puppetry is a different way of "animating" a movie and puppets are often used in lieu of live actors. Usually, there are small figurines or figures (similar to stop motion), but these are controlled and filmed in real time. Like CGI, puppetry can be found in Live Action films as a method of achieving a special effect. Examples are [[The Muppets]] or [[The Dark Crystal]]. <br />*[[Live action]]: [[Live action]] uses the filming or videotaping of live actors instead of animation. Essentially, it is filming using real people, props and sets. Many a live action production does feature animation to achieve certain [[special effects]] work, but the film still falls under live action so long as at least some characters are played by real people whose physical performance is captured on film or video. Examples are ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' or ''[[The Godfather]]''.<br /><br />===TV genres===<br />*[[Serial (radio and television)|Serial]]: A television show which is one continuous story. Each episode picks up from where the last one left off. The story may shift with a new season.<br />*[[Game Show]]: A television show depicting a real [[Competition|contest]], typically a [[trivia]] competition or physical challenge, with rewards in prizes or money. The players may include celebrities.<br />*[[Reality television|Reality show]]: A television show, purportedly unscripted although more evidence points to scripting, featuring non-actors filmed interacting with each other or dealing with invented or contrived challenges, such as surviving on a "deserted" island by finding their own food and shelter, or competing against others for the affections of a certain person. Filmed in a similar fashion as the [[documentary film]] genre, but with more emphasis on the showing of interpersonal conflict, emotional reactions, or unusual occurrences. <br />*[[Sitcom]]: Short for ''Situational Comedy'', a generally light-hearted genre which features characters having to deal with odd or uncomfortable situations or misunderstandings.<br />*Current Affairs: ''Definition needed.''<br />*News Show: A television program depicting real, up-to-date events.<br />*[[Documentary film|Documentary]]: A documentary is a feature-length or near-feature length film depicting a real-world event or person, told in a journalistic style (if told in a literary narrative style the result is often a docudrama). Example: [[Hoop Dreams]], [[The Thin Blue Line (documentary)|''The Thin Blue Line'' (documentary)]]<br />*[[Docudrama]]: A program depicting some sort of historical or current news event, with specific changes or fabrications for legal, continuity or entertainment reasons. Depending on the quality of the feature and intended audience, these changes can minimally or completely change the story in relation to the actual events. These programs often depict crime or criminals but can also be used to depict heroics or tell a less-explored side of a well-known story. Example: [[United 93 (film)|''United 93'' (film)]] by Paul Greengrass depicts the events aboard [[United Airlines Flight 93]] on September 11, 2001 via reconstruction from the available evidence. Since the specific words the passengers exchanged while planning their assault on the cockpit will never be known, the filmmakers created the dialogue based on research and evidence. [[The Onion Field]] is another example. This genre is often criticized for creating sensationalized programs intended to capitalize on public interest in lurid news stories; in the case of the [[Scott Peterson]] murder trial, a [[The Perfect Husband: The Laci Peterson Story|docudrama]] starring [[Dean Cain]] was filmed and aired during jury deliberations. <br />*[[Soap opera]]: A television show which is one continuous story. Usually on every day of the week instead of once a week. Can go on for over 20 years. Example: [[Days of our Lives]], [[Young and the Restless]] and [[Coronation street]]<br />*[[Police procedural]]: A television genre some say was pioneered by the popular show ''[[Dragnet (series)|Dragnet]]''. The stories revolve around a crime that has been committed and must be solved by the end of the episode following a very generic and usually unchanging structure of events. The crime is committed, witnesses are questioned, an arrest occurs, and then a judicial conclusion wraps it up. As the name implies, the show communicates everything "by the book," as it would happen in real life. In such modern Police Procedurals such as Law & Order, you see and hear even the officers reading freshly arrested criminals their Miranda Rights. Not quite as dramatic or action-oriented as the Dick Tracy-style of detective shows.<br /><br />===Video games genres===<br />Genres in video games are somewhat different than other forms of art because they are very seldom based on theme, style, tone, or audience as in film or literature. Instead most video game genres are based on the way in which the player interacts with the game. Genres from other types of media like [[science-fiction]] or [[fantasy]] are sometimes applied to games, but rarely does this concept of genre ever supplant the types described below.<br /><br />Genres unique to video games:<br />

{{Main|Video game genres}}<br />*[[Shooter game|Shooter]]: A game where the main purpose is to fight using, and/or shoot guns. <br />**[[First-person shooter]]: A variant of the shooting game. In the game, the camera is actually in place of the character's eyes, so that you are playing the game from his or her view.<br />**[[Third-person shooter]]: A shooting game where the camera angle is actually hovering over the playable character as you play.<br />*[[Strategy video game|Strategy]]: A game where the purpose is to strategize. You have an opponent with the same abilities as you, more or less, and to beat him, you must use your abilities in a much more tactical way.<br />**[[Real-time strategy]] (RTS): A strategy game where everybody plays at the same time, and races to think of a better strategy than the other players. Most of these video games are about military.<br />***[[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy]] (MMORTS): A Real Time Strategy game that is played online. Many players can sign on a play at the same time, creating empires and battling each other.<br />**[[Turn-based strategy]]: A strategy game where everybody takes turns. Once everybody has placed their units and military characters in the right spot they can't move again until the next turn begins.<br />*[[Music video game|Musical]]: A game where music is usually played. To win, the players must match the rhythm of the music by pushing the right button combination until their opponents are unable to keep up with them. Not to be confused with the [[stage musical]] or [[musical film]], which are stories that feature characters singing about the events in the plot.<br />*[[Simulation game|Simulation]]: A game where you must manage and develop fictitious business. For example, in a game you might be asked the manage and build a zoo, and the game simulates this for you in as accurate a way as possible.<br />*[[Puzzle video game|Puzzle]]: A game where you must solve puzzles in order to progress through the levels. <br />*[[Party game|Party]]: A type of game, mostly suitable for multiple players and social gatherings. In most of these, the player or players compete or cooperate together in smaller games, or [[minigame]]s, within the main game.<br />*[[Platform game|Platform]]: A Game Where the player must jump on to various platforms to evade obstacles and reach their goal, these games are fairly linear most of the time with levels adhering to a simple A to B structure.<br />*[[Fighting game|Fighting]]: A game where two or more playable characters fight. Each character usually has their own unique moves, and the goal of the game, usually, is to be the last man standing.<br />*[[Role-playing game (video games)|Role-playing game]] (RPG): A game that isn't (necessarily) about combat. It is a game where the player plays a character, and goes around pretending to be a real person in a fictitious world. This is also similar to non-video game forms of gaming that involve roleplaying, including [[play by post gaming]] and [[tabletop roleplaying game]]s.<br />**[[Massive multiplayer online role playing game]] (MMORPG): A game similar to a regular Role Playing Game, but it is a multiplayer game played via the [[internet]]. During this game, thousands of players can play the same game at the same time. Players sign on and play and have competitions with other players while the game is commencing.<br />*[[Survival Horror|Survival/horror]]: Survival horror games place the player in a horrifying situation to which he/she must escape. The major emphasis of most survival horror games is placed upon tension and a truly terrifying or grizzly scenario. Solving clever or complicated puzzles is a major characteristic or the genre. Examples of survival horror games include the ''Silent Hill'', ''Siren'', ''Resident Evil'', ''Clock Tower'', and ''Parasite Eve'' series.<br /><br />===Music genres===<br />

{{Main|Music genre}}<br />*[[Middle Ages]]: Music composed from around the middle of the 5th century to the middle of the 15th century, largely characterized by monophonic and polyphonic music.<br />*[[Renaissance]]: Music largely composed from the middle of the 15th century to around 1600.<br />*[[Baroque]]: Music composed from around 1600 to the middle of the 18th century.<br />*[[Classical music|Classical]]: Music that was composed from around the middle of the 18th century until the early 19th century. Also used to describe some more recently-written music (neo-classical) that contains many of the same musical elements.<br />*[[Romantic music|Romantic]]: Music composed from the early 19th century to about 1900. Also used to describe more recently-written music ([[neo-romanticism (music)|Neo-romantic]]) that contains similar musical elements.<br />*20th century: A wide classification of music composed in the 20th century. This music deals largely with sound experimentation and moving away from the traditional tendencies of tonality.<br />*[[Opera]], [[Operette]] and [[Zarzuela]]<br />*[[folk music|Folk]]: Musical adaptations of old stories that were passed from generation to generation. Considered somewhat more [[niche]] now.<br />*[[Rock music|Rock]]: Music that originated from Folk and Blues. It used newer electrical instruments instead of relying solely on the classical woodwinds and stringed instruments. It first became popular in the mid 20th century because of famous bands like [[The Beatles]].<br />**[[Grindcore]]: Grindcore is fast, metal-influenced crust punk, often featuring extreme singing styles, low-tuned guitars, blastbeat drumming and short, high-tempo songs.<br />**[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]: Similar to Rock, and generally considered a subgenre of it. It usually uses the same electrical instruments, but the music is more intense and less "pop" in style (see below) such as [[Black Sabbath]] or [[Iron Maiden]].<br />**[[Punk music|Punk]]: a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Includes work by [[The Adverts]], the [[Sex Pistols]] and [[The Clash]].<br />*[[Pop music|Pop]]: "Pop music" once referred to any popular music during the time period, though the term has slowly gained use as a more specific (yet still somewhat vague) genre descriptor for music with a catchy, relatively consistent melody, among other aspects. It is commonly placed as having started in the mid 20th century, alongside Rock music. Much [[dance music]] falls under this genre, and much modern Rock music is considered to include elements of it as well, since bands such as the Beatles were a significant stylistic influence on what is now considered Pop.<br />*[[Rhythm & Blues|Rhythm & Blues]] (R&B) - an evolving range of genres that first began to develop in the early 20th century.<br />**[[Blues]]: A somewhat somber, quieter style of music whose name refers to the unhappiness of the performer, and which gained popularity in the early 20th century alongside [[Jazz]], and influenced the early development of Rock music. A major genre within R&B, and one of its earliest genres as well.<br />**[[Rap music]] and [[Hip hop]] - more [[rhythm]]ically-based, mostly urban-derived genres, with a wide array of subgenres between them.<br />**[[Jazz]] - Jazz originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. Jazz has, from its early 20th century inception, spawned a variety of subgenres, from New Orleans Dixieland dating from the early 1910s, big band-style swing from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s, a variety of Latin jazz fusions such as Afro-Cuban and Brazilian jazz from the 1950s and 1960s, jazz-rock fusion from the 1970s and late 1980s developments such as acid jazz, which blended jazz influences into funk and hip-hop. <br />*[[Electronica]] -&nbsp; includes a wide range of contemporary [[electronic music]] designed for a wide range of uses, including foreground listening, some forms of dancing, and background music for other activities; however, unlike [[electronic dance music]], it is not specifically made for dancing.<br />**[[Breakbeat]] - a term used to describe a collection of sub-genres of [[electronic music]], usually characterized by the use of a non-straightened 4/4 drum pattern (as opposed to the steady beat of [[house music|house]] or [[trance music|trance]]). Includes work by [[The Chemical Brothers]], [[Fatboy Slim]] and [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]].<br />**[[Drum and Bass]] or [[Drum and Bass|Jungle]] - a type of [[electronic dance music]] which emerged in the late 1980s which is characterized by fast [[breaks]] and [[basslines]]. Includes work by [[Roni Size]], [[Chase & Status|Chase & Status]] and [[London Elektricity]].<br />**[[Ambient music|Ambient]] - a musical genre that focuses on the timbral characteristics of sounds, particularly organised or performed to evoke an "atmospheric", "visual" or "unobtrusive" quality.<br />**[[Downtempo]] - a laid-back [[electronic music]] style similar to [[ambient music]], but usually with a beat or groove unlike the beatless forms of [[Ambient music]]. <br />**[[Electro music|Electro]] - a genre of [[electronic music]] directly influenced by the use of [[TR-808]] and [[funk]] records. Includes work by [[Kraftwerk]].<br />**[[House music|House]] - a style of [[electronic dance music]] that originated in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[USA]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Includes work by [[Fedde Le Grand]] and [[Frankie Knuckles]].<br />**[[Trance music|Trance]] - a style of [[electronic dance music]] that is generally characterized by a [[tempo]] of between approximately 128 and 150 BPM, melodic [[synthesizer]] phrases, and a musical form that is [[progressive]] as it builds up and down throughout a track. Includes work by [[Darude]], [[ATB]] and [[Chicane]]. <br />**[[Techno]] - a form of [[electronic dance music]] that emerged in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[USA]] during the mid to late 1980s. Includes work by [[Tomcraft]], [[Leftfield]] and [[Moby]].<br />**[[UK Garage]] - an umbrella term that refers to several different varieties of modern [[electronic dance music]] generally connected to the evolution of [[house music|house]] in the United Kingdom from early/mid-1990s. Includes work by [[T2]], [[Artful Dodger (UK band)|The Artful Dodger]] and [[Shanks & Bigfoot|Shanks & Bigfoot]].<br />*[[Reggae]] - a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. While sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to most types of Jamaican music, the term reggae more properly denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development of ska and rocksteady. Reggae is based on a rhythmic style characterized by accents on the off-beat, known as the skank. Reggae is normally slower than ska. Reggae usually accents the second and fourth beat in each bar.Reggae song lyrics deal with many subjects, including religion, love, sexuality, peace, relationships, poverty, injustice and other social and political issues.<br />*[[Calypso music|Calypso]]: A music form that developed in the mid 20th century out of [[Kaiso]] music. The genre became a worldwide hit 1950's when the 1956 album titled [[Calypso (album)|Calypso]] was the first full-length record to sell more than a million copies. Calypso's most notable and popular subgenre is [[Soca music]].<br /><br />==References==<br />*Charaudeau, P.; Maingueneau, D. & Adam, J. Dictionnaire d'analyse du discours Seuil, 2002 <br />*Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research Routledge, 2003<br />{{reflist}}<br /><br />==Further reading==<br />*Sullivan, Ceri (2007) ‘Disposable elements? Indications of genre in early modern titles’, ''Modern Language Review'' 102.3, pp.&nbsp;641-53<br /><br />==External links==<br />{{Wiktionary}}<br />*[http://people.cs.uu.nl/leen/GenreDev/GenreDevelopment.htm Development of the Genre Concept]<br />*[http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/ Genres of film] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]<br />*[http://www.ericdigests.org/1994/genres.htm Helping Children Understand Literary Genres]<br /><br />[[Category:Genres| ]]<br />[[Category:Narratology]]<br />[[Category:Fiction]]<br />[[Category:Theme]]<br /><br />[[bg:Жанр]]<br />[[cv:Жанр]]<br />[[cs:Žánr]]<br />[[da:Genre]]<br />[[de:Genre]]<br />[[fa:گونه (هنر)]]<br />[[gl:Xénero]]<br />[[ko:장르]]<br />[[hi:विधा]]<br />[[hr:Žanr]]<br />[[id:Genre]]<br />[[it:Genere (arte)]]<br />[[he:סוגה]]<br />[[ka:ჟანრი]]<br />[[sw:Utanzu]]<br />[[lt:Žanras]]<br />[[mk:Жанр]]<br />[[ms:Genre]]<br />[[nl:Genre]]<br />[[ja:ジャンル]]<br />[[no:Sjanger]]<br />[[nn:Sjanger]]<br />[[uz:Janr]]<br />[[ro:Gen literar]]<br />[[ru:Жанр]]<br />[[sq:Zhanri]]<br />[[simple:Genre]]<br />[[sk:Žáner (umelecký druh)]]<br />[[sh:Žanr]]<br />[[fi:Genre]]<br />[[sv:Genre]]<br />[[tg:Жанр]]<br />[[uk:Жанр]]<br />[[yi:זשאנער]]<br />[[bat-smg:Žonros]]<br />[[zh:类型]]<br />